How Blood Type Impacts Pregnancy
Your blood type is made of two parts: the blood-type group—A, B, O, AB—and the Rh factor. Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells. When present, a persons blood type is Rh-positive (such as A+ or O+). When the Rh protein is absent, the blood type is Rh-negative (such as AB- or B-). Most people are Rh-positive and, in general, your Rh factor does not impact your life unless you need blood or are pregnant.
When the Rh Factor May Negatively Affect a Pregnancy
While the mother’s and fetus’s blood systems are separate, there are times when the blood from the fetus can enter into the mother’s bloodstream. If this happens, the mother’s immune system identifies the Rh-positive blood as an intruder and responds by making antibodies to destroy it. This response is called Rh sensitization. The antibodies in an Rh-sensitized mother can cross the placenta and attack the fetus’s Rh-positive blood. These antibodies can break down and destroy the fetus’s red blood cells (hemolysis), leading to anemia. This condition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. Sensitization can occur during a blood transfusion, miscarriage, abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and certain procedures like amniocentesis. The antibodies rarely cause a problem in first pregnancies, but they do not disappear, and it is very important to be screened and give an accurate medical history to your doctor or midwife.
How Hemolytic Disease Is Prevented
Hemolytic disease can be prevented in women who are not already sensitized. Rh immunoglobulin (RhoGAM) is a prescription medicine given by intramuscular injection that stops an Rh-negative mother from making antibodies that attack Rh-positive red cells. Reactions to this medication are generally minor, including soreness at the injection site and sometimes a slight fever. One dose of RhoGAM is usually given around week 28 of pregnancy and lasts about 12 weeks. If the fetus is Rh-positive, the mother will also be given RhoGAM within 72 hours of birth. The baby’s blood type can be determined easily after birth by cord blood samples. RhoGAM may also be given after an amniocentesis, miscarriage, abortion, or postpartum sterilization (tubal ligation). This is because there is a small chance of blood contamination and potential sensitization even after these procedures or occurrences.
What Happens If Hemolytic Disease Is Diagnosed
A mother who is Rh sensitized will be screened throughout her pregnancy to see if the baby has a hemolytic disease. Blood transfusions can be given both before and after birth for these severely affected infants. Complications associated with Rh-positive babies born to Rh-negative women include anemia, brain damage, heart failure, jaundice, stillbirth, and death after birth. If you have questions about the Rh factor or whether or not you are in this group of women, ask your doctor or midwife for the results of your blood work.
